COMPUTERS AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
With an abundance of electronic devices in generaland, in particular, with a proliferation of computer-supported technologies and easy access to communication networks, the world today seems to begin with an e. It is e-mail, e-learning,e-business, e-content or even e-waste. In short, it is an e-world! Electronics is the dominant technology of our times.
From the wake–up alarm in the morning to the innumerable devices that we use throughout the day all machines are programmed. The Programmable machine, the computer, affects almost everybody, in all walks of life. It connects people all over the world, without the distinction of caste, creed, language and culture supporting a communication network that was unimaginable before.
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THE WORLD IS CHANGING WITH CCT
All over the world, there is a movement towards an information– based society.
Therefore it seems extremely important that the basic nature and overall capabilities of CCT are understood and appreciated by all because computers are information processing tools and communication technologies enable us to share information. Together
they affect all of us. It is also important that we are able to apply the technology tools in our work, whatever our field of work may be.
The way these technologies affect all of our lives include:
• Educational, in the way we learn and shape the course of our
learning according to our own interests.
• Technological, in terms of knowledge creation, publishing and distribution.
• Societal, in our living, working and growing and looking at ourselves in a global context.
Today computers are seen as a personal accessory portable,
powerful and simple to operate. They can work in any place and connect us with anyone, any time. They are seen as an extension of the human hand and mind are essential to every field of work.
CCT IN HOMES
There are three different types of computers and computer applications that we encounter in daily life. One, those machines which are dedicated to a limited set of tasks. Familiar domestic appliances like washing machines or microwave ovens are operated by an electronic device.
embedded inside these gadgets. Two, those that are used for specific and limited number of activities, like playing games and other forms of entertainment. The third category includes versatile machines capable of doing a multitude of tasks, including surfing the Internet.
In our day-to-day life, we use various electrical and electronic devices
such as computers, digital watches, audio systems, CD and DVD Players, washing machines and so on.Outside home we use lifts, metro trains, coin collection systems in public telephone booths, coffee and tea vending machines and so on.These are mostly computer controlled devices.
We do not see the computers'; they are embedded inside these devices.
Computers have brought in changes in art and music, photography and animation, editing and publishing.
Digital home theater systems,DVD players, digital music devices of which the computer forms an integral part, makes entertainment low cost and of high quality. The Internet has emerged as a convenient means of global communication, information sharing and services. The commonest mode of the Internet Use includes e-mail, chat, surfing information, banking, reservations
and many more.
A huge network of millions of computer networks constitutes the Internet. These networks are connected by telephones, underwater cable and satellite.
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Computers are widely used in schools, colleges and universities. They are used for computer-aided learning, distance education and administration.
E-learning, training programmes and research are other areas of the educational field where computers are put to use.
For a example
When a physics teacher wants to show the different positions of a
particle in a wave motion, a chemistry teacher wants to illustrate molecular collision or a biology teacher wants to show a beating heart, a mathematics teacher wants to show how a regular polygon approaches a circle when the number of sides tend to infinity or when an economist wants to illustrate an organic market and so on, a
Computers can effectively stimulate this phenomenon.
Conventional libraries can be computerised with library management software. It provides facilities to create a database of books, assign accession numbers, provide content wise, author wise searching facility,verify stock and issue notices.
One could also go for digital libraries where books are available in an electronic format and are called e-books.
In laboratories, computers are used as tools essential for various processes such as recording, analyzing and plotting data for visual display.
From admission to examination, from staff management to parent interaction, from students information to public transection computers make possible automated management and administration of educational institutions. They are used for student enrollment, collection of fees, keeping attendance of students and staff, conducting examinations and announcing
Computers also make possible transactions of distance learning courses (often called e-learning).
Computer programs or web tools provide step-wise learning. A student can decide the pace of learning for himself or herself.
E-learning is flexible and convenient. A student can also attend e-classes. A teacher can supplement classroom instructions by encouraging self-learning of students through e-classes.
Quality educational materials such as, online e-books, online video audio lectures, career guidance are available at the websites of many educational organizations and universities.
National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT),Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) and Central Board of Secondary Education(CBSE) have their own websites which are accessed by thousands of visitors everyday.
National Council of Educational Research andTraining
NCERT has its own website. Information about the organization, its programmes and activities, school curriculum and syllabus, and information on day-to-day activities of NCERT are available on the site.
All NCERT textbooks, including this one (Computers andCommunication Technology (CCT); Textbook for Class 11) are available online for reference purposes. Anyone can access these e-books and download from www.ncert.nic.in or www.ncert.gov.in.
Gandhi National Open University
IGNOU offers distance education degree programmes in arts, science,commerce, social sciences and information technology. It has democratized higher education by taking education to the doorstep of the learner.
It provides educational opportunities to employed persons by offering need–based academic programmes.
The courses available are professional and vocational. Above all it is an apex body for setting and maintaining standards in distance education across the country.
National Institute of OpenSchooling
NIOS, which offers ‘sustainable and learner centric education,’ was established by the MHRD, Government of India as an
autonomous organization for open schooling in pursuance of National
Policy on Education. In addition to the general and academic courses,
NIOS offers a number of vocational and community oriented courses.
The website of NIOS can be accessed at www.nios.ac.in
and www.nios.org.
CCT IN PUBLIC
CCT offers powerful means to make governance transparent and answerable to the people. Similarly, they can be used to ensure more transparency in business practices.
With CCT working in tandem with other factors that strengthen
democracy, such as the Right to Information Bill, we can hope to see increased empowerment of ordinary citizens. CCT could eliminate the role of the intermediary who makes profit by keeping information secret and leaking it selectively to those who please them. Ultimately, CCT may help to balance the sharp socio-economic divides in our society by giving access to those who were kept away from the mainstream due to lack of relevant information.
AND THE DIGITAL DIVIDE
From a relatively slow-changing, multi-structured society where many
disparities co-existed, India is now passing through a period of transition.
At such times there is a lot of pressure on society to become homogeneous. That is when the inequities between different sections become all the more evident.
One such inequality, called the digital divide, separates those who
have access to the digital world (computers and related technologies)
from those who do not have this access. While one section of young
people may have access to CCT at home, at school and in their mobile
phones, the majority may get a chance to experience CCT only
occasionally.
It is obvious that the ones with the advantage will keep up with the technological growth while the others would keep falling further behind in terms of information access.
This divide could cause strain, even conflict, in society. However,the tension can be eased:-
• if everyone knows what they can get out of CCT,
• if we can cut the costs of access,
• if there are enough public Internet facilities available, and
• if enough sites in Indian languages come up.
We may see a great knowledge revolution in our own lifetime. Access
to the global network in particular and acquaintance with communication network may help us realise a new kind of freedom to think independently, collaborate with others to solve common problems to realise what we want and need for ourselves and not what uptill now someone else thought was good for us.
CCT AND E-COMMERCE
E-commerce employs computers in different areas of commerce such
as marketing, customer visit, product browsing, shopping basket checkout, tax and shopping, receipt and process order while e-business offers services pertaining to processing transactions, documentation,presentations, financial analysis, home based services, inventory management and gathering product information using CCT.
All leading banks, including the State Bank of India provide Internet banking facility. With this facility one can check account balance and perform bank transactions from anywhere. We can see account details, pay a bill and print account statements online. Also,the bank provides SMS alert service, so that, when ever bank transaction takes place, an SMS is sent by the bank to our mobile phones.
NATIONAL ORGANIZATION
WORKING IN THE AREA OF CCT
NATIONAL INFORMATICS CENTRE
National Informatics Centre of the Department of InformationTechnology is providing network backbone and e-governance support to Central and State Governments, Union Territories administrations,districts and other government bodies in India. It offers a wide range of ICT services including Nationwide Communication
Network for decentralized planning,
improvement in government services and wider transparency in national and local governments. NIC assists in implementing Information Technology Projects and is also responsible for bringing computerisation in the lives of the Indian people.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SOFTWARE AND SERVICES COMPANIES (NASSCOM)
NASSCOM is the premier trade body and the chamber of commerce of the IT-BPO industry in India. It is a global trade body withmore than 1200 members who are broadly in the business of services,products, IT infrastructure management, R&D services, e-commerce and web services, engineering services, offshoring, and animation and gaming.
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
The Department of Information Technology is under the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government Of India. Its main objective is to make India a global information technology superpower and a front-runner in the age of informationrevolution, to bring the benefits of electronics to every walk of life and to develop the Indian electronics industry as a global player. Its Website has an important portal, viz..
The India Portal (www.india.gov.in) v‘single window access’ to information and government to consumer services to be electronically delivered from all state sector institutions and organisations. It provides multilingual content and had received the Best e-Governance Award In Technology atthenational level announced bytheComputer Society Of India (CSI) in 2006.
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